Financial_market_participants

Financial market participants

Investors

Speculators speculation

Institutional investors Insurance companies Investment banks Hedge funds Mutual funds Pension funds Private equity funds Venture capital funds Banks Credit Unions Trusts Prime Brokers

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There are two basic financial market participant categories^{[citation needed]}, Investor vs. Speculator and Institutional vs. Retail^{[citation needed]}. Action in financial market by Central banks is usually regarded as intervention rather than participation, although evidence exists in the Sprott \'"Visible Hand of Uncle Sam"\' report that this is inaccurate.

Investor vs. Speculator

Investor

Main article: Investor

An investor is any party that makes an Investment.

However, the term has taken on a specific meaning in finance to describe the particular types of people and companies that regularly purchase equity or debt securities for financial gain in exchange for funding an expanding company. Less frequently the term is applied to parties who purchase real estate, currency, commodity derivatives, personal property, or other assets.

Speculation

Main article: Speculation

Speculation, in the narrow sense of financial speculation, involves the buying, holding, selling, and short-selling of stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, collectibles, real estate, derivatives or any valuable financial instrument to profit from fluctuations in its price as opposed to buying it for use or for income via methods such as dividends or interest. Speculation or agiotage represents one of three market roles in western financial markets, distinct from hedging, long term investing and arbitrage. Speculators in an asset have no intention to have long term exposure all the best asset.

Institutional vs. Retail

Institutional investor

Main article: Institutional investor

An institutional investor is an investor, such as a bank, insurance company, retirement fund, hedge fund, or mutual fund, that is financially sophisticated and makes large investments, often held in very large portfolios of investments. Because of their sophistication, institutional investors may often participate in private placements of securities, in which certain aspects of the securities laws may be inapplicable.

A retail investor is an individual investor possessing shares of a given security. Retail investors can be further divided into two categories of share ownership.

1. A Beneficial Shareholder is a retail investor who holds shares of their securities in the account of a bank or broker, also known as “in Street Name.” The broker is in possession of the securities on behalf of the underlying shareholder.

2. A Registered Shareholder is a retail investor who holds shares of their securities directly through the issuer or its transfer agent. Many registered shareholders have physical copies of their stock certificates.

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